26th Annual Cardiologists Conference July 10-11,2019 Osaka,Japan

Clinical cardiology is the branch of internal medicine that deals with malfunctions and disorders related to heart in humans and animals. The field includes diagnosis and treatment of  heart failure, congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. It is manly dependent on the circulatory system or circulatory process also called the cardiovascular system. In circulation process, Blood carries oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of the body through a complex network of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries whereas the deoxygenated blood is carried back to your heart through venules and veins. The physicians who are specialized in this field are called cardiologists. The Cardiothoracic surgeons or Cardiac surgeons are the ones who are specialized in cardiology from general surgery. Clinical Cardiology plays a major role in coordination of research in medical diagnosis, cardiovascular medicine and cardiovascular surgery.

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Heart diseases are also called as cardiovascular diseases which in turn include the conditions that affect the mechanism, function or structure of heart. Heart diseases are may be classified into congenital and acquired heart diseases. Most of the cases, it is considered to be an acquired heart diseases. Common cardiovascular diseases are called coronary artery diseases such as angina and myocardial infarction.

Obesity increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. But it damages more than just the heart and blood system. It is also the major cause of bile stones, osteoarthritis and respiratory problems. Obesity closely interferes with many health conditions that underlie cardiovascular disease, including high blood pressure, diabetes and abnormal blood cholesterol. Additionally, weight gain is a frequent consequence of a heart-damaging lifestyle such as lack of exercise and a fat diet. Obesity can also lead to heart failure. This is a serious condition when your heart can not pump enough blood to satisfy the needs of your body. After diabetes or diabetes, a person is at increased risk of heart disease and stroke. One can reduce the risk by maintaining blood glucose levels (also called blood sugar), blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels close to the recommended target values ​​- levels suggested by diabetes professionals for good health. Stroke and coronary heart disease can be caused by the same problem - atherosclerosis.

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Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure is a long term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is frequently elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms.  Long term high blood pressure is a main risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, and chronic kidney disease. It is classified into primary high blood pressure or secondary high blood pressure. Due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors about 90–95% of cases are primary hypertension. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk constitute excess salt, excess body weight, smoking, and alcohol. The rest 5–10% cases are due to secondary hypertension, which constitutes chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the kidney arteries, a hormone-related disorder, or the use of birth control pills. Blood pressure is calculated by two measurements, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures, these are the maximum and minimum pressures, respectively. At rest, normal blood pressure is within the range of 100–140 mm of mercury (mmHg) during systole and 60–90 mmHg diastoles.

Echocardiography is referred to as cardiac echo produced by the ultrasound waves which in turn create the images of the heart. This is a type of ultrasound test that uses high-pitched sound waves that are sent through a device called a transducer. The device receives the echoes of the sound waves as they bound with the different parts of your heart. These echoes tend to create moving pictures of your heart that can be seen on a video screen. It helps to detect cardiomyopathies, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and many others.

Interventional cardiology –is the branch of cardiology that handles with the specific Cather based techniques to various structural heart diseases, non-surgical procedures for treating cardiovascular diseases. Often, to avoid the need for surgery a thin, flexible tube called catheter is used to repair damaged vessels or other heart structures diseases. In addition, for an acute myocardial infarction the procedure involved in interventional cardiology for acts as a best standard of care. It involves in elimination of clots from coronary arteries and implementation of stents and balloons through a small hole made in a major artery. Coronary intervention will remain the dominant procedure for the Interventional cardiologist, which leads to the development of new procedures in coming decade in proportional to the population growth. It is expected that interventional cardiology craves a new attention in the growth of valvular heart disease intervention.

Pediatric cardiology  is the branch of cardiology which involves in the treatment of childhood disorder includes both the heart and lungs problems. A person who had received extensive training in diagnosing the pediatric cardiopulmonary disease are called pediatric cardiologist. Pediatric cardiology aims in preventing both the congenital and acquired human heart diseases in children, infants and adolescents. It offers a new platform to educate the next generation physician in pediatric cardiology. Cardiac catheterization technique is also involved in pediatric cardiology.

Sports Cardiology  achieves heart screenings that detect potentially serious cardiovascular issues in young athletes. Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the major reason of death in exercising young athletes, and is most commonly set off by problems as structural heart disorders or electrical circuitry issues which are not commonly found during routine physical examinations. Most of the conditions that cause sudden cardiac death in young athletes are evaluated by an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), a non-invasive test which calculates the electrical activity of the heart.

Cardiovascular surgery is also known as  thoracic surgery which is operated on the heart or great vessels by cardiac surgeons and it  is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thorax. There are five types of cardiac surgery 1) Open heart surgery 2) Modern beating-heart surgery 3) Heart transplant 4) Coronary artery bypass grafting 5) Minimally invasive surgery and  surgeries are done to treat complexity of ischemic heart disease, correct congenital heart disease, or treat valvular heart disease from various causes including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease and atherosclerosis and  advancement of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques has greatly reduced the mortality rates of these procedures. The surgery requires postoperative care to avoid complications. Laceration care is needed to avoid infection and minimize scarring. Swelling and loss of appetite are common, as mentioned Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the most common type of heart surgery. CABG improves blood flow to the heart.

Cardio oncology is defined as the interdisciplinary field of medicine in which the clinical alterations of cardiovascular system are studied during the different methods of treatments of cancer. It aids in studying the heart conditions in patients who have been treated for cancer. The ultimate aim of Cardio oncology is to find a balance between oncologic efficacy and reducing adverse cardiovascular effects. Age, obesity, use of tobacco, intake of certain types of cancer drugs or radiation treatment to the chest is considered as the risk factors by cardiologists.  . Other reasons may be the consequences of radio- and chemo-therapy in long-term survivors of malignancy. All patients who are being considered for chemotherapy, especially those who have prior history of cardiac disease should undergo detailed cardiovascular evaluation to optimize the treatment. Serial examination of left ventricular systolic function and cardiac biomarkers might also be considered in the selected populations of patient. Malignancy can also occur during long-term follow-up after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Cardio-oncology studies helps oncologists in early treatment by closely watching the heart of their patients to protect them.

Cardiac nursing is a nursing specialty that works with patients who suffer from various conditions of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac nurses help treat conditions such as unstable angina, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction and cardiac dysrhythmia under the direction of a cardiologist. Cardiac nurses perform postoperative care on a surgical unit, stress test evaluations, cardiac monitoring, vascular monitoring, and health assessments. Cardiac nurses work in many different environments, including coronary care units (CCU), cardiac catheterization, intensive care units (ICU), operating theatres, cardiac rehabilitation centers, clinical research, cardiac surgery wards, cardiovascular intensive care units (CVICU), and cardiac medical wards.

Cardiac Regeneration:  “repairing the Cardiac Cells, tissues and its function which is damaged by the heart disease is known as cardiac regeneration. Reparative stem cells have the capability to restore function to damaged tissue by renewing cell growth in cardiac cells. A decade ago Stem cell based therapies as considered as the clinical trials for cardiac regeneration. Now, bone marrow derived stem cells (BMCs), adult stem cells from adipose or cardiac tissue are used in current clinical studies with inconsistent results but the outcomes in terms of feasibility and safety are encouraging in cardiac regeneration. In future, myocardial regeneration, transplantation of stem or progenitor cells, stimulation of endogenous cardiac repair by pharmacological agents and Tissue engineering will play a major role in cardiac regeneration.

A case report on Cardiology gives an appropriate convention for all cardiologists by rendering their important clinical cases of late occurrence. Studying from medical cases provides valuable experience for clinicians, students and paramedical staff -members. Rare medical reports and conditions discovered through the latest methods of examination are energized. Moreover, studying diagnostic methods from medical cases and the interpretation of symptoms is significant to train and burgeon the thought processes which are being used in the clinical field